The EVIDENCE project: Measure no.14 - Integration of modes

This paper is taken from the findings of the EU Evidence project. This project provides evidence that sustainable transport interventions and spending have as much to contribute to wider societal goals and strongly positive Benefit Cost Analysis results as do the non-sustainable variants. The project examined 22 aspects of sustainable transport intervention This paper has been converted from Measure review No. 14 and examines inter-modality schemes that facilitate and streamline journeys that involve more than one mod

The EVIDENCE project: Measure no. 17 - Travel and passenger information

This paper is taken from the findings of the EU Evidence project. This project provides evidence that sustainable transport interventions and spending have as much to contribute to wider societal goals and strongly posi¬tive Benefit Cost Analysis results as do the non-sustainable variants. The project examined 22 aspects of sustainable transport intervention This paper has been taken from Measure review 17, and examines travel and passenger information provision

The EVIDENCE project: Measure no.6 - Environmental zones

This paper is taken from the findings of the EU Evidence project. This project provides evidence that sustainable transport interventions and spending have as much to contribute to wider societal goals and strongly posi¬tive Benefit Cost Analysis results as do the non-sustainable variants. The project examined 22 aspects of sustainable transport intervention This paper has been converted from Measure review 6, which examined environmental zone

An exploration of the urban pedestrian experience, including how it is affected by the presence of motor traffic

The experience of urban walking is one that can form an important package of time in people’s daily routine, with 8 million hours being spent daily walking in urban areas in the UK. This study explores urban walking experience as a holistic and multi-faceted experience. It examines this experience with particularly novel foci on areas within the inner worlds of pedestrians and how these interact with elements within their surroundings, including other pedestrians. The study also contains a specific interest in pedestrian experience of motor traffic: an influential but little researched factor in modern city life. A data-led, qualitative approach to data collection and analysis is used, employing phenomenological commitments. The approach represents advances in capturing and understanding pedestrian experience. Two phases of data collection utilized walk-alongs and interviews recalling walking trips. Interviews progressed from discussing details in the walking experience to consideration of its essence.Findings add to previous knowledge by presenting four themes which seek to represent core, essential elements of the urban walking experience. These themes expose elements in the social, emotional and thought lives of the urban pedestrian. The pedestrian experience is understood as being created by triangular relationships between the inner world of the pedestrian, the outer experienced city and the physical act of walking itself. Complexities within these relationships are elucidated. Implications include that the inner cognitive life of the pedestrian should, where possible, be both protected and inspired by the walked environment. Findings about the pedestrian experience of motor traffic are also presented. Ways in which the negative effects of traffic are mitigated for the pedestrian are detailed. These include various types of barriers and the view that motor traffic is necessary for city life. Conclusions indicate areas for policy consideration and further research, which the study’s new ideas on walking inform

The EVIDENCE project: Measure no.18 - New models of car use

This paper is taken from the findings of the EU Evidence project. This project provides evidence that sustainable transport interventions and spending have as much to contribute to wider societal goals and strongly positive Benefit Cost Analysis results as do the non-sustainable variants. The project examined 22 aspects of sustainable transport intervention This paper has been taken from Measure review 18 and examines new models of car use, including car clubs and car sharing

Disappearing Traffic? An Evaluation of Pedestrianisation in Taunton Town Centre

This study evaluated the traffic and travel impacts of a trial pedestrianisation scheme in Taunton town centre. The scope of the scheme, and the research project, were both scaled back. The only road to be closed during the trial was a short section of St James Street, a one-way side street leading from Taunton’s main shopping street.The closure did not cause any measurable change in travel behaviour in the streets most directly affected by the closure. Drivers living in that area simply changed their travel routes, driving up to 0.8 miles further in some cases. When considered alongside previous studies, this suggests that small-scale road closure schemes are likely to cause much displacement of traffic, and little if any traffic reduction or modal shift. To achieve those objectives, road closure schemes need to be implemented over a wider area.A clear majority of the local residents approved of the Council’s decision to pedestrianise the street

Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: To assess the evidence for the clinical effectiveness of ultrasound guided central venous cannulation. DATA SOURCES: 15 electronic bibliographic databases, covering biomedical, science, social science, health economics, and grey literature. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. POPULATIONS: Patients scheduled for central venous access. INTERVENTION REVIEWED: Guidance using real time two dimensional ultrasonography or Doppler needles and probes compared with the anatomical landmark method of cannulation. DATA EXTRACTION: Risk of failed catheter placement (primary outcome), risk of complications from placement, risk of failure on first attempt at placement, number of attempts to successful catheterisation, and time (seconds) to successful catheterisation. DATA SYNTHESIS: 18 trials (1646 participants) were identified. Compared with the landmark method, real time two dimensional ultrasound guidance for cannulating the internal jugular vein in adults was associated with a significantly lower failure rate both overall (relative risk 0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.06 to 0.33) and on the first attempt (0.59, 0.39 to 0.88). Limited evidence favoured two dimensional ultrasound guidance for subclavian vein and femoral vein procedures in adults (0.14, 0.04 to 0.57 and 0.29, 0.07 to 1.21, respectively). Three studies in infants confirmed a higher success rate with two dimensional ultrasonography for internal jugular procedures (0.15, 0.03 to 0.64). Doppler guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein in adults was more successful than the landmark method (0.39, 0.17 to 0.92), but the landmark method was more successful for subclavian vein procedures (1.48, 1.03 to 2.14). No significant difference was found between these techniques for cannulation of the internal jugular vein in infants. An indirect comparison of relative risks suggested that two dimensional ultrasonography would be more successful than Doppler guidance for subclavian vein procedures in adults (0.09, 0.02 to 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supports the use of two dimensional ultrasonography for central venous cannulation